SQL Parser Coverage

Lexega includes dedicated parsers for seven SQL dialects — Snowflake, PostgreSQL, BigQuery, MySQL, MSSQL, Databricks, and Amazon Redshift. All parsed statements undergo semantic extraction for governance signal emission (see the Rule Reference for the full rule catalog).

Snowflake

DML (Data Manipulation)

  • SELECT (including CTEs, recursive CTEs, window functions, PIVOT/UNPIVOT, MATCH_RECOGNIZE)
  • INSERT (single/multi-value, subquery)
  • INSERT ALL / INSERT FIRST (multi-table conditional insert)
  • UPDATE (simple, multi-table)
  • DELETE
  • MERGE (with complex MATCHED/NOT MATCHED branches)
  • COPY INTO (stage → table, table → stage)
  • VALUES (standalone values queries)
  • SET operations (UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, EXCEPT, MINUS)
  • Pipe syntax (SQL pipe chains)

DDL (Data Definition)

  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: TABLE, VIEW, MATERIALIZED VIEW
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: STAGE, STREAM, TASK, PIPE
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: DATABASE, SCHEMA
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: DYNAMIC TABLE
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: WAREHOUSE
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: FUNCTION, TABLE FUNCTION, PROCEDURE
  • CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE
  • TRUNCATE, SHOW, DESCRIBE/DESC, USE
  • UNDROP DATABASE, UNDROP SCHEMA, UNDROP TABLE
  • GRANT / REVOKE

Security & Governance Policies

  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: MASKING POLICY
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: ROW ACCESS POLICY
  • DROP ALL ROW ACCESS POLICIES ON table
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: NETWORK POLICY
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: SESSION POLICY
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: PASSWORD POLICY
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: AGGREGATION POLICY
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: PROJECTION POLICY
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: AUTHENTICATION POLICY

Integrations

  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: STORAGE INTEGRATION
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: API INTEGRATION
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: EXTERNAL ACCESS INTEGRATION

Snowflake Scripting

  • DECLARE, SET, LET
  • IF / ELSEIF / ELSE, CASE statement
  • FOR / WHILE / LOOP / REPEAT...UNTIL
  • BREAK / CONTINUE
  • BEGIN / END blocks with exception handling
  • RETURN statements
  • CALL (stored procedure invocation)
  • Cursors (DECLARE CURSOR, LET CURSOR, OPEN, FETCH, CLOSE)
  • EXECUTE IMMEDIATE (dynamic SQL)
  • RAISE (exception raising)
  • Transaction control (BEGIN TRANSACTION, COMMIT, ROLLBACK)
  • Async job management (AWAIT, CANCEL)

Not yet supported: Standalone CREATE/ALTER FILE FORMAT. These statements are safely preserved during formatting but do not emit governance signals. File format options within COPY INTO and ALTER STAGE are fully parsed.

PostgreSQL

Full parsing and governance signal support for PostgreSQL-specific constructs.

DML

  • SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE (PostgreSQL 15+)
  • Common Table Expressions (WITH / WITH RECURSIVE)
  • UPSERT via INSERT ... ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING / DO UPDATE
  • COPY (TO / FROM with format options, including PROGRAM)
  • VALUES (standalone)

DDL

  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP TABLE (including IF EXISTS, IF NOT EXISTS, CASCADE)
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP INDEX (including CONCURRENTLY, expression indexes)
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP VIEW (including CREATE OR REPLACE)
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP SCHEMA
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP SEQUENCE (including OWNED BY)
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP TYPE (composite types, enums, ranges, domains)
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP DOMAIN (constraints, NOT NULL, defaults)
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP FUNCTION / PROCEDURE (including LANGUAGE, RETURNS, body)
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP TRIGGER (row-level, statement-level, BEFORE/AFTER/INSTEAD OF)
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP EXTENSION (including CASCADE)
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP TABLESPACE
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP RULE (query rewrite rules)
  • CREATE AGGREGATE, CREATE OPERATOR
  • COMMENT ON (tables, columns, functions, schemas, types, indexes, views)
  • REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW (including CONCURRENTLY)

Security & Access Control

  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP ROLE (including LOGIN, SUPERUSER, CREATEDB, CREATEROLE, INHERIT, REPLICATION, BYPASSRLS)
  • GRANT / REVOKE (table, schema, sequence, function privileges)
  • Row Level Security: CREATE POLICY, ALTER POLICY, DROP POLICY
  • ALTER TABLE ... FORCE/NO FORCE ROW LEVEL SECURITY
  • ALTER TABLE ... ENABLE/DISABLE TRIGGER
  • DROP OWNED, REASSIGN OWNED

Data Management

  • TRUNCATE (with CASCADE, RESTART IDENTITY)
  • VACUUM, ANALYZE
  • CLUSTER, REINDEX
  • LISTEN, NOTIFY, UNLISTEN
  • LOCK TABLE (with lock modes)
  • DISCARD (session state reset)

Transaction & Session Control

  • BEGIN, COMMIT, ROLLBACK
  • SET (session parameters)
  • ALTER SYSTEM (server configuration)
  • PREPARE, EXECUTE, DEALLOCATE
  • EXPLAIN (with ANALYZE, VERBOSE, FORMAT)
  • DO (anonymous code blocks)

Replication

  • CREATE/ALTER PUBLICATION
  • CREATE/ALTER SUBSCRIPTION

BigQuery

Full parsing and governance signal support for BigQuery-specific constructs.

DML

  • SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE
  • Common Table Expressions (WITH)
  • ASSERT (with optional description)

DDL

  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP TABLE, VIEW, SCHEMA
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP FUNCTION, PROCEDURE
  • CREATE/DROP SNAPSHOT TABLE
  • CREATE/DROP SEARCH INDEX
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP VECTOR INDEX
  • CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE

Machine Learning (BQML)

  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP MODEL
  • EXPORT MODEL

Data Import/Export

  • EXPORT DATA (with connection options)
  • LOAD DATA (from external sources)

MySQL

Parsing, formatting, and risk analysis for the everyday MySQL 8.0 surface, including the prepared-statement dynamic-SQL chain.

Dialect-Aware Recognition

  • Backtick-quoted identifiers (`col`)
  • Double-quoted text as a string literal
  • # line comments (alongside -- and /* */)
  • || recognized as logical OR (not string concatenation)

DML

  • SELECT (CTEs, window functions with named windows, LIMIT offset, count, LOCK IN SHARE MODE, INTO OUTFILE/DUMPFILE, MATCH … AGAINST, GROUP_CONCAT(… SEPARATOR …), @v := assignment in queries)
  • Index hints on table references (USE | FORCE | IGNORE INDEX [FOR JOIN | ORDER BY | GROUP BY])
  • PARTITION (p, …) selection on table references (in queries and on UPDATE/DELETE targets)
  • TABLE statement (TABLE t ORDER BY … LIMIT …) — analyzed as a full query, composes in set operations, subqueries, INSERT sources, and CTAS
  • INSERT (ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE, INSERT SET, VALUES ROW(…), IGNORE/LOW_PRIORITY, optional INTO, PARTITION targets, row alias AS new)
  • REPLACE INTO
  • UPDATE / DELETE (trailing ORDER BY … LIMIT, multi-table forms UPDATE t1 JOIN t2 … / DELETE t1, t2 FROM …, LOW_PRIORITY/IGNORE/QUICK)
  • Shared cross-dialect DML/DDL grammar (see Cross-Dialect Features), including ALTER TABLE … ADD COLUMN with the full attribute tail (UNSIGNED, AUTO_INCREMENT, …)

Prepared Statements & Dynamic SQL

  • PREPARE … FROM (string literal or @var), EXECUTE … USING @a, @b, DEALLOCATE / DROP PREPARE
  • SET @sql := CONCAT(…) → PREPARE → EXECUTE chains flow through dynamic-SQL analysis: concatenated input fires DYNSQL-CONCAT / DYNSQL; static literals stay silent

Session & Variables

  • SET for @user and @@system variables — GLOBAL/SESSION scopes, = and :=, multi-assignment lists
  • SET NAMES / CHARACTER SET, SET PASSWORD, SET ROLE / DEFAULT ROLE, SET TRANSACTION

Access Control

  • GRANT / REVOKE — MySQL priv_level forms (*.* server-wide, db.*, db.tbl), 'user'@'host' grantees, WITH GRANT OPTION

Statements outside this surface — trigger/function/event bodies, LOAD DATA INFILE, JSON ->/->> operators, XA/savepoint transaction statements — are counted as skipped in the report summary.

MSSQL (SQL Server)

Full parsing, formatting, and risk analysis for Microsoft SQL Server / T-SQL constructs.

DML

  • SELECT (including TOP, CTEs, window functions, PIVOT/UNPIVOT with result column aliasing)
  • INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE (including TOP)
  • MERGE (with OUTPUT clause, preceding CTEs)
  • BULK INSERT (external file loading with table and file path tracking)
  • VALUES (standalone)

DDL

  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP TABLE, VIEW, SCHEMA
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP FUNCTION, PROCEDURE (including CREATE OR ALTER)
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP TRIGGER (DML and DDL triggers, CREATE OR ALTER)

Procedural / T-SQL

  • EXEC / EXECUTE (stored procedure calls, dynamic SQL detection)
  • TRY / CATCH blocks
  • IF / ELSE, WHILE
  • DECLARE (scalar and @var TABLE types)
  • SET session options (including IDENTITY_INSERT, NOCOUNT, etc.)
  • PRINT, THROW, RAISERROR
  • GO batch separator
  • Transaction control (BEGIN TRANSACTION, COMMIT, ROLLBACK)

Query Extensions

  • Table hints: NOLOCK, READUNCOMMITTED, TABLOCKX, XLOCK, HOLDLOCK, INDEX, FORCESEEK, FORCESCAN, etc.
  • FOR JSON (AUTO, PATH, ROOT) / FOR XML (AUTO, PATH, RAW, EXPLICIT)
  • OPENJSON, OPENXML, OPENROWSET

Access Control

  • GRANT / REVOKE / DENY (including DENY ALL, DENY ... TO PUBLIC, CASCADE, AS principal)

Governance Signals

  • Table hint detection (dirty reads, exclusive locks, forced index overrides)
  • Dynamic SQL detection (EXEC('...'), EXEC(@var))
  • BULK INSERT monitoring (file path and table tracking)
  • IDENTITY_INSERT state changes
  • Session option auditing
  • DENY privilege analysis
  • Trigger lifecycle tracking (create, modify, drop)
  • Stored procedure call tracking

Databricks

Full parsing and governance signal support for Databricks / Delta Lake constructs.

DML

  • SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE (with schema evolution)
  • Common Table Expressions (WITH)

DDL

  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: TABLE, VIEW, SCHEMA
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: CATALOG
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: VOLUME
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: EXTERNAL LOCATION
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: STORAGE CREDENTIAL
  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: CONNECTION
  • CREATE FLOW
  • CACHE TABLE / UNCACHE TABLE

Delta Lake Operations

  • OPTIMIZE (table compaction)
  • DESCRIBE HISTORY (table history)
  • REPAIR TABLE (partition metadata repair)
  • RESTORE TABLE (time travel restore)
  • Shallow clones (CREATE TABLE ... SHALLOW CLONE)

Access Control

  • GRANT / REVOKE (catalog, schema, volume, external location privileges)
  • Ownership transfer via ALTER

Amazon Redshift

Forked from PostgreSQL, so the PostgreSQL DML/DDL grammar applies, with dedicated coverage for Redshift's bulk-I/O, data-sharing, and Spectrum constructs.

DML

  • SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
  • Common Table Expressions (WITH)
  • APPROXIMATE aggregate modifier (APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT …))
  • Projection-level trailing EXCLUDE clause; SIMILAR TO

DDL

  • CREATE/ALTER/DROP: TABLE, VIEW, SCHEMA
  • Physical layout attributes: DISTSTYLE (incl. ALL), DISTKEY, SORTKEY (compound / interleaved), BACKUP NO
  • CREATE EXTERNAL SCHEMA (Spectrum — Glue Data Catalog / Hive Metastore / federated) and external tables

Bulk I/O

  • COPY — bulk load from S3 / EMR / DynamoDB / SSH, with format and load options, inline credentials, and psql variable placeholders (:var, :'var')
  • UNLOAD — export query results to an external location

Data Sharing

  • CREATE / ALTER DATASHARE — ADD / REMOVE objects, SET PUBLICACCESSIBLE, SET INCLUDENEW

Access Control

  • GRANT / REVOKE (PostgreSQL-derived, including the Redshift GROUP principal)

Cross-Dialect Features

These features work across all supported dialects.

Expressions & Query Constructs

The expression parser is shared across all dialects and covers:

  • Arithmetic, comparison, logical, and string operators
  • CASE / IIF / COALESCE / NULLIF / TRY_CAST / CAST
  • Subqueries (scalar, EXISTS, IN, ANY/ALL)
  • Window functions (OVER, PARTITION BY, ORDER BY, frame specification)
  • Aggregate functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, etc. with DISTINCT, FILTER, WITHIN GROUP)
  • BETWEEN, LIKE, ILIKE, SIMILAR TO, RLIKE
  • ARRAY / OBJECT / STRUCT constructors
  • Semi-structured access (dot notation, bracket notation, :: casting)
  • LATERAL, FLATTEN, TABLE functions
  • Qualified names (schema.table.column)
  • INTERVAL, AT TIME ZONE

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